Classification of computer

Computer system are classified into four categories depending on size and work load  vis  1 .MICRO COMPUTER 2. MINI COMPUTER 3. MAIN FRAMES 4. SUPER COMPUTER

Name	Example	Uses	Amount
Micro Computer	Personal Computer, work station Computer	easy to use, Home  office user, Powertal and for Complex program	affordable price, expensive
Mini Computer	client/server	Mini Computer are used heavily in transaction & manufacturing unit	Middle Range
Main FRAMES Computer	IBM SYSTEM	it is mainly used in insurance company, Bank , Airline etc for multiple user	Expensive
Super computer	PARAM,CRAY 1 &2	Fastest and most powerful mechine for long data calculations	very expensive

Basic of computer organisation

The Mordan computer architecture is based on John Von Newourn architecture.

INPUT

CPU  MEMORY       CONTROL UNIT ARITHMETIC & LOGIC UNIT

OUTPUT

INPUT DEVICE    :- AN input device used to enter data and instructions into COMPUTER 

For example :-  

  

1. 
   Scanner
2. 
   OMR (optical Mark Reader)
3. 
   Bar code Reader
4. 
   MICR(Magnatic Ink Character Recognition)  
5. 
   Keyboard

OUTPUT DEVICE :- An Out put device is an Electronic mechanical device that accepts data from computer and translates them into a suitable from for use by outside world.

                                    Output Devices generate computer output that are broadly  categories in two types 

• soft copy output 
• Hard copy output

Soft copy output :- A soft copy output is temporary in nature because it does not appear on a  pepar or some material. Example of soft copy output  Monitor

 Monitor :- Monitor are three types 

1. 
   CRT (CATRODE RAY TUBE)
2. LCD (LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY)
3. LED( LIGHT EMISSION DISPLAY)

Hard copy output :-A hard copy output is permanent in nature because it appears on a paper or some material. 

Example of hard copy output printer.

Printer are bodly two types 

-3

1. 
   .Inkject printer 

• Lesar printer
  What is computer ?

COMPUTER

COMPUTER 

Q. NO 1 :- WHAT IS COMPUTER ?

ANSWER :- COMPUTER IS AN ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING MACHINE OR DEVICE.

                    CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER 

                    1. SPEED

                    2 ACCURACY 

                    3 DILIGENCE

                    4 STORAGE  

 TYPE OF COMPUTER 

 

   IN GENERAL COMPUTER ARE THREE TYPE 

i DIGITAL COMPUTER

 ii. ANALOG COMPUTER

 iii. HYBRID COMPUTER 

 

DIGITAL COMPUTER:-

                                             IN DIGITAL  COMPUTER , MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS ARE REPRESENTED  AS BINARY DIGITS  (0 AND 1) AND ALL THE OPERATION ARE DONE USING  THESE DIGITS AT VERY HIGH RATE.

ANALOG COMPUTER :- 

                                                IN ANALOG COMPUTER .SIMILARITIES ARE ESTABLISHED IN FORM OF CURRENT OR VOLTAGE SIGNAL . IN THIS COMPUTER THE VARIABLE IS AN ELECTRICAL SIGNAL PRODUCED ANALOGOUS TO THE VARIABLE OF PHYSICAL  SYSTEM.

HYBRID COMPUTER:- 

                                            HYBRID COMPUTER IS A COMPUTER , WHICH IS COMBINATION COMPUTER USING ALL THE GOOD QUALITIES OF BOTH THE ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMPUTER.

                                                                HISTORY OF COMPUTER 

1. 
   ABACUS:- THE FIRST COMPUTING DEVICE DEVELOPED BY THE EGYPTIANS , LATER IT IMPROVED BY CHINESE AND JAPANESE IN ABOUT 3000 BEFORE CHRIST .
2. 
   NAPIES BONES :- IT WAS DEVELOPED BY SCOTTISH MATHEMATICIAN JONE NAPIES .IT IS A DEVICE  THAT CONSIST A SET OF RODS FOR USE IN CALCULATION INVOLVING MULTIPLICATION , THESE RODS WERE CARVED FROM BONES AND THERE FORE IT IS CALLED NAPIES BONES.
3. 
   SLIDE RULE :- THIS DEVICE DEVELOPED BY WILLIAM OUGHTRED AN ANALOG DEVICE  THAT USES THE PRINCIPLES OF ALGORITHMS IN 1620 AD.
4. 
   PASCALS ODDING MACHINE PASCALINE :- THE FIRST MECHANICAL CALCULATING MACHINE WAS MADE IN 1642 AD BY GREAT FRANCH MATHETICIAN AND PHILOSOPHER  BLOISE PASCAL.
5. 
   FIRST USE FOR BINARY CODES:- IN 1623 AD BY FRANCIES BARON REPRESENTED THE FIRST USE OF BINARY CODES.
1. 
   DIFFERENCE ENGINE :- IN 1822 AD CHALLS BABBAGE ,A PROFESSOR OF MATHEMATICS AT CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY , INVENTED DIFFERENCE ENGINE ,WHICH COULD CALCULATED ACCURATE ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS AND MATHEMATICAL TABLE , HE WAS KNOWN AS FATHER OF COMPUTER SCIENCE .
6. IN 1840 LADY ADA LOVCHACE, THE FIRST PROGRAMMER SUGGESTED BINARY DATA STORAGE RATHER THEN THE DECIMAL .
7. IN 1940 JON VAN NEUNARN PRESENTED FIRST STORED PROGRAM CONCEPT.
8. 
   IN 1944 AILEEM BUILT ,THE MARK-1 THE FIRST AUBNATIC SEQUENCE CONTROLLED CALCULATOR .
9. 
   IN 1949 MAURICE V WILLES OF CAMBRIGE BUILT EDSAC ( ELECTRONIC DEPLOYED STORAGE AUTOMATIC COMPUTER ) THIS IS A FIRST STORED PROGRAM COMPUTER.
10. 
    IN 1950 JURING BUILT THE ACE ( AUTOMATIC COMPUTER ENGINE ). WHICH CAN BE CONSIDERED THE FIRST PROGRAMMABLE DIGITAL COMPUTER .
11. 
    IN 1951 MACHHY AND ECKERT BUILT FIRST COMPUTER DESIGNED  AND SOLD COMMERCIALLY UNIVAC -1( UNIVERSAL AUTOMATIC COMPUTER)
12. H.EDWARD ROBERTS DESIGNED THE FIRST MICRO COMPUTER .HE IS KNOWN AS THE FATHER OF MICRO COMPUTER .
13. IN 1980 IBM (INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINE ) INTRODUCE FIRST PERSONAL COMPUTER. (PC)

COMPUTER GENERATION

GENERATION	TECHNOLOGY	YEARS	FEATURES	EXAMPLES
FIRST	VACUAMTABE MECHANE , ASSEMBLE  LANGUAGE.	1942-1955	BULKY IN SIGE ,COSTLY  AND DIFFICULT TO USE	ENIAC, EDVAC
SECOND	TRANSISTOR,HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE ,SECONDARY MEMORY	1955-1964	FASTER,SMALLER,USABLE THAN FIRST GENERATION ,BUT STILL VERY DIFFICULT AND COSTLY	UNIVAC
3ED GENERATION	IC WITH SSI AND MSI TECHNOLOGY	1964-1975	MORE RELIABLE ,EASIER AND CHEAPER	IBM 360
4TH GENERATION	IC WITH VLSI TECHNOLOGY, MICRO PROCESSOR	1975-1989	SMALL AFFORDABLE RELIABLE AND EASY TO USE P.C	IBM PC, APPLE II
5TH GENERATION	IC WITH ULSI TECHNOLOGY,MULTI MICRO PROCESSOR CHIPS	1989-PRESENT	PORTABLE COMPUTER POWER BUILT CHEAPER	IBM NOTE BOOK, PENTUM PC.

Evaluation

Evaluation 

Evaluation is a part of education system. Education successful by the good evaluation. There are many categories of evaluation. For example : formative evaluation, SUMMAT IVE evaluation, scholastic evaluation, co-schoolastic evaluation.
Evaluate students by various tools .some tools of evaluation discuss below :
ORAL TEST :oral test is a tool of evaluation  process. A teacher take oral test  and find out here immediate capacity, knowledge of particular field. By the oral test develop students confidence  ,interest, achieve Felipe gap between the teacher and student.   it take formative evaluation  .if a student performance good in oral test that means that student understood those particular area.
QUESTION: Question paper is tool of evaluation process. In a particular subject  teacher take some questions and it give to their students. If a student give answer all questions correctly that means those student understood that topic properly   by the question teacher can evaluate here Student achievement interest, and knowledge etc.
COMMUTATIVE RECORD : in this tool of we can find out performance of students in community,all round, development ,speaking capacity, the COMMUTATIVE record is those method where two or more teacher take evaluation a student. Evaluator evaluate all field of her knowledge ,understanding, skill ,application

• Observation : in Observation teacher Observe behaviour of students. In Observation process teacher evaluate physiology and mental ability. 

VARIOUS TECHNIQUES AND STRATEGIES OF TEACHING

What is teaching technique? 

Ans :teaching and teaching techniques are such aids which are use to make the lesson interesting ,to explain the contant and remember it by heart during teaching-learning process. Technique not directly linked with the teaching objective but they are linked with teaching methods while method are linked with teaching objective. 

    What is teaching strategies ?

    Ans :Teaching strategies  are purposefully conceived and determined plan of action. Teaching strategies refer to pattern of teaching act that serve to attain certain out come and to guard against other. 

There  are some teaching strategies and techniques  discuss here  

SELF STUDY : self study means individual's own independent study. The individual learn and study himself. An individual attempt and solves the problems himself without any guide. So it is a habit of independent study by which the children are  able to solve the problems with tthere own effort. Self study can be make more effective systematic by giving regular home work. 

SUPERVISED STUDY :  this is important technique of teaching mathematics. Morrison has presented it for the teaching of understanding level. This technique is based on the principle of activity and individual difference. The teacher solves his individual problem by supervising his task as a friend, helper and a guide. 

REVIEW :Review is identified by some work because they are both characterised by repetition and both aim at fixation of concept relationship or reactions .review aim not only at the fixation and retention of details but also at the thoughtful organization of the important things in a unit. 

ASSIGNMENT : assignment is the work given either before the lesson or after the lesson and it may be completed at home or at institute. Assignment is a sort understanding or commitment on the part of learner. 

BRAIN STORMING : Brain storming is a democratic and problem centered technique. It is based on morden theory of generalization of a task. In this technique, the content is largely determined by the children.